Agriculture and Science 2022/12

Environmentally Friendly Spinach Cultivation Method (Part 2)

Former Toyama Prefectural Agricultural Technology Center
Mieko Matsumoto

3. good use of solar thermal effects

Introduction.

　Irrigation is important in the hot season cultivation of soft vegetables, but insufficient irrigation delays growth, while too much irrigation can lead to disease outbreaks caused by Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium. Chemical treatment is considered necessary to stabilize production during high temperatures (summer), and soil disinfection using solar heat is also effective. We investigated a more effective method of disinfection by solar heat treatment.

Processing and research methods

　After the footing was set up in the greenhouse, the greenhouse was thoroughly irrigated, the outer wall (membrane) was sealed, and the footing surface was also completely sealed with vinyl. Just before sowing, temperatures were measured at 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm below the soil surface using a thermometer with temperature sensors embedded at 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm below the soil surface, as well as at ambient and room temperatures. Thirty days after sowing, the types and numbers of weeds that had germinated were investigated.

Results and Discussion

　Summer-sown spinach is susceptible to Rhizoctonia and Pythium until about 15 days after sowing (especially at the time of full emergence) and to Fusarium after 15 days, resulting in reduced yield. Rhizoctonia is killed after 12 hours of treatment at 45°C, Pythium after 24 hours, and Fusarium after 60 hours. This is the basis for the effectiveness of solar heat utilization. It should also be noted that the epidermal structure of spinach roots is relatively soft from germination to the 3 leaf leaflet stage, making them susceptible to soil-borne pathogens.

　In the solar disinfection method, the greenhouse is sealed with vinyl and the ground surface is also covered with vinyl. To ensure a temperature of 45°C with a solar radiation of 5 MJ, an outside temperature of 27°C or higher at 5 cm below ground level, 30°C or higher at 10 cm below ground level, and 34°C or higher at 15 cm below ground level is required.

　Therefore, solar heat treatment was conducted in test plot A, where Rhizoctonia and Pythium outbreaks were a problem. The treatment period was 10 days, and 45°C passed for 56 hours at 5 cm below the ground surface, 32 hours at 10 cm, and 7 hours at 15 cm.

　In test plot B, where Fusarium was common, the disease and weeds were significantly suppressed in the no-tilled (12 cm) and tilled (12 cm) plots when seeding and fertilizer were applied to the surface layer, but the effect was lost when the plots were tilled. After 30 days of treatment in test plot B, the time elapsed at 45°C was 130 hours at 5 cm below the ground surface, 60 hours at 10 cm, and about 15 hours at 15 cm. In this case, the effect was observed in the first year (methyl bromide treatment in the previous year), but in the second year, wilting began around the greenhouse in the latter half of the growth period. In the same field, no wilting was observed in the chloropicrin-disinfected area.

　In summary, the results described in the previous issue (Agriculture and Science, November issue) show that in a field where cattle manure compost is used continuously, it is not necessary to apply organic matter, soil improvement materials, or chemical fertilizers, but only nitrogen can be supplied by local application of LP30 (0.9 kg/10a) (tape-encapsulated fertilizers). The annual chemical soil disinfection can be replaced by solar disinfection once every two years.

　On the other hand, in fields where dry chicken manure is used continuously, the application of organic matter, soil improvement materials, and chemical fertilizers is stopped, and humus is supplemented by 2 t/10a/year of cattle manure, and nitrogen is supplemented by local application of LP30 (2.7 kg/10a) (tape-enclosed fertilizer). In addition, as a soil disease control measure, annual disinfection in fields with low Fusarium densities and alternating chemical and solar disinfection in fields with high Fusarium densities will stabilize production.

　This method increases the number of plantings because the application of organic matter and soil amendments can be reduced between cropping types. In addition, the fertilizer nitrogen utilization rate is improved, resulting in lower soil EC, among other benefits.

　In the cultivation of spinach at high temperatures, diseases caused by Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium are likely to occur, so soil disinfection using solar heat is effective. These treatments are effective at a depth of 5 cm below the soil surface, and the maximum depth is about 15 cm, so the effects cannot be maintained by tilling. In other words, the soil is mixed with fertilizers and soil improvement materials before each planting, so that about 17 cm of soil is stirred up by the rotary, and the disinfection effect is lost when the undisinfected soil and germinable weed seeds in the lower layer are lifted close to the surface.

　Since Fusarium is killed by exposure to 45°C for 60 hours, the treatment period should be determined by checking the soil temperature. If the wilt is pronounced, the use of a chemical (chloropicrin) in combination with Fusarium fusarium should be considered.

　In summer, even a one-week treatment at 45°C for 60 hours (5 cm below the ground) can be effective. Even before the start of the second crop, a two- to three-day treatment (a short period of solar heat treatment) with vinyl covering and a closed greenhouse after lightly leveling the surface of the rhizoctonia and pythium rhizoctonia and irrigating the rhizoctonia and pythium rhizoctonia with sufficient irrigation can not only kill rhizoctonia and pythium on the surface but also kill insects and eggs in the soil.

4. rational cultivation method of spinach

　The results of previous tests have shown that organic matter is an excellent source of fertilizer components and material for improving soil physical properties. However, because there is a difference between the balance of fertilizer components required by crops and that of organic matter, the balance of fertilizer components accumulated in the soil is also disturbed. Therefore, it was considered that soil analysis should be conducted once every two to three years, and the deficient components should be applied with reference to the standard values shown in Table 1-3 in the previous issue, while the excess components should be applied sparingly if there is a disturbance in the balance of nutrients.

　Nitrogen is absorbed by the crop in large quantities and is often washed away by rainfall, so it is necessary to apply a certain amount of nitrogen each crop. As a nitrogen fertilizer, coated urea (LP30), which shows leaching characteristics similar to those of spinach in nitrogen absorption, was sealed in water-soluble tape and embedded near the seeds (about 3 cm deep), thereby increasing the nitrogen utilization rate to about three times the conventional rate. However, although fertilization, plowing, and foot-breaking of spinach were neither hard work nor long hours, it was sometimes observed that half a month to one month elapsed before the next planting.

　On the other hand, the use of solar heat has been shown to be effective in controlling major diseases of spinach, including fungicide temperature and time, and has also been shown to be effective in weed control.
　Here, we decided to examine more effective and labor-saving fertilization and soil disinfection methods.

Introduction of no-till cultivation

　In recent years, no-tillage cultivation of various crops has been reported to investigate their growth and changes in soil physical properties. Kaneda et al. reported that no-till cultivation of rice in heavy clay soil (reclaimed land at Hachiro Lagoon) resulted in better drainage than tillage cultivation because the subsoil structure was more developed. In addition, in order to maintain the effect of soil disinfection in highland Chinese cabbage and lettuce cultivation in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, a second crop of seedlings was planted without tillage by mulching the entire surface, and the seedlings were grown in a stable manner.
The yield of the plant was about 1.5 times higher than the previous year.

　The above mentioned facts show that no-till cultivation is possible without losing the disinfection effect of soil tillage by encapsulating fertilizer (LP30) and seeds in seed tapes that match the nitrogen absorption pattern of spinach, and that delays in fertilization, tillage, and foot-building can be avoided, and as a result, the foot-building surface due to soil shrinkage in the summer can be securely recognized and the effects of soil disinfection and weed control can be recognized and sustained. As a result, cracks on the surface of the ridge caused by soil shrinkage in summer can be eliminated, and the effects of soil disinfection and weed control can be recognized reliably and sustained.

[Example of rational spinach cultivation

(1) Start the production of spinach in summer (when temperatures are high) and conduct soil analysis in advance.
　 　Consider seeding timing according to workload (consider staged seeding methods).
(2) Apply organic matter and fertilizers as necessary according to the results of soil analysis and tillage.
(iii) Establish a footing and irrigate well.
(4) Seal the outer walls of the greenhouses and the foot of the crop and disinfect with solar heat for about 15 days.
　 　Soil temperature is highest in the surface layer (5 cm), and the fungicidal effect is greatest, but the deeper the layer, the less effective it is (Figure 3-1).
(5) Without tilling, tape seeds and fertilizer are buried about 3 cm below the ground with a seeder machine.
　 　The closer to the ground surface, the more effective solar disinfection is.
　 　The method of burying fertilizer is extremely effective.
　 　The tape of the seed tape method includes a water-soluble material (Hoseton), a microbially degradable material (Meshlon), and a
　　The former dissolves immediately when immersed in water, but the latter does not. Therefore, meshlon
　 　When seeds and LP30 are sealed in the tape, the tape is immersed in water to absorb water and then heated to about 30°C.
　 　The germination process can be performed by
(6) During the growing period, check soil moisture (irrigation), pests and weeds, and take actions as necessary.
7) Harvesting should begin at about 20 cm leaf length.
　 　Seeds are sown (enclosed) in 5 cm increments to increase harvesting efficiency and uniform growth.
　 　〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜〜 one work completed
If weeds appear before sowing the second, third, and fourth crops, weed lightly and work in the order of ⑤, ⑥, and ⑦ again.
　 (2) The following is a summary of the results of the survey.

　After one crop, three more crops were grown in no-tillage to investigate changes in soil hardness at the surface and below (in the root zone area).

　The results showed that after one crop, the soil was harder than after tillage in both cases, and the degree of hardening was more pronounced in the first crop than in the first 10 cm below the surface. However, after two, three, and four crops, the soil did not become even harder, and there was no change in the tendency for the soil to be softer at 10 cm below the surface than the topsoil, and the growth of roots and above-ground parts was not inferior (Table 4-1). In addition, when cultivation was started in the spring, the surface layer of the soil was so compact that no cracks appeared on the surface of the next crop (summer crop).

Introduction of no-till cultivation

　Since fertilizer is applied before sowing, the accumulation of fertilizer components in the soil tends to increase and the balance of components is easily disturbed if the number of plantings of spinach in a facility is too frequent. Therefore, the soil should be checked once every two to three years, and if there is a deficiency, the component should be replaced, but if there is an excess and the component balance is disturbed, it should not be replaced.
　The appropriate time to start anniversary cultivation is mid-July to mid-August, when solar disinfection is more likely to be effective.

Actual cultivation repeats steps (4), (5), and (6).

　After the seed enclosed in seed tape and LP30 are buried in the soil, the seedlings are irrigated sufficiently and then harvested at 20 cm or more in height under normal management. For efficient harvesting, it is advisable to use a seeder machine, perform water absorption and germination treatment, sow efficiently, and harvest efficiently in order to have the planting density be appropriate and the germination rate and plant establishment rate as close to 100% as possible. Here, we propose to seal the seeds and LP30 in seed tape meshlon tape (which does not immediately dissolve in water) and then perform water absorption and germination treatment. This method not only accelerates germination and improves germination uniformity and shortens the growing period due to low temperature and dryness, but also saves labor for harvesting (Tables 4-2 and 4-3).

　If the surface soil is hard due to no-tillage and cannot be uniformly buried in the soil with the tape seeder, a plow specially designed for this machine can be installed to improve the accuracy of the operation.

　As described above, by encapsulating coated urea (LP30) and seeds suitable for nitrogen absorption by spinach in seed tape and burying them about 3 cm underground, the fertilizer component of organic matter (especially cattle manure) can be used efficiently, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied can be significantly reduced. In addition, no-till cultivation provides sufficient soil disinfection and weed control by solar heat, which saves labor and shortens the work time.
　The same effect as seed tape can be obtained by using a vacuum seeding machine.

References

Fukui, Niigata, Toyama and Ishikawa Prefectures Important new technologies in the region
　Research Results of the Project for the Promotion of Technological Development of Agriculture, Fukui Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station (1993)
Department of Soil and Fertilizer, Division of Agricultural Chemistry, Hokkaido Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Spinach in the open field by short-term solar soil disinfection
　Measures to mitigate cucurbit and root rot diseases Soil and Fertilizer Science Test Results (1989)
Mieko Matsumoto Rational nitrogen fertilization method in institutional spinach Agricultural Technology 53(10) 447-451
　(1998)
Fumito Miyamoto Establishment of sustainable and stable production technology for vegetables utilizing the ecosystem Efficient use of solar heat Toyama
　Prefectural Agricultural Technology Center, Vegetable Test Report（1996)
Niigata, Toyama and Ishikawa Prefectures Promoting regional important new technology development
　Establishment of a sustainable and stable production technology system for vegetables in Hokuriku Niigata Agricultural Research Institute
　(1999)
New Paddy Farming Methods Practiced in Oogata Village, Akita Prefecture under the supervision of Sadao Shoko Akita Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station, Oogata Farm (2001)
Tokyo Suburban Vegetable Technology Study Group, ed. New Technology of Soft Vegetable Farming and Gardening, June Supplement (1997)

Early Cultivated Rice 'Koshihikari' in
　　Fertilization effects of improved slow-release fertilizers with film disintegrating properties

Kochi Agricultural Technology Center
Crops and Horticulture Division, Paddy Crops
　　　　Researcher Toshiya Takeda

Introduction

　In paddy rice cultivation in Kochi Prefecture, slow-release fertilizers are widely used, in which fertilizer is coated with resin to control nitrogen leaching. However, this slow-release fertilizer has an environmental impact problem, because the residue of the film shells after leaching is likely to flow out of the paddy fields into rivers and the sea.
　Recently, a new, easily collapsible film has been developed, and J-Coat, a slow-release fertilizer coated with this film, is expected to contribute to early collapse in the paddy field (Figure 1) and to prevent runoff from the paddy field by inhibiting surfacing during rice paddling. However, J-Coat tends to leach fertilizer nitrogen slightly faster than the conventional fertilizer, Emcoat 777, and there is concern that there may be a difference in fertilizer application effectiveness between these fertilizers.

　Therefore, we compared the growth, yield, and quality of 'Koshihikari' rice in 2020 and 2021 when New M-Coat 777 was applied and when M-Coat was replaced by J-Coat (Table 1, hereafter J-Coat composite), and investigated the effect of J-Coat composite on the growth, yield, and quality of 'Koshihikari' rice. The effect of J-Coat composite fertilizer application was investigated.

2. materials and methods

(1) Testing Method

　The test was conducted in a paddy field at the Kochi Prefectural Agricultural Technology Center (Hatsukaeda, Nankoku City, Kochi Prefecture). The test variety was 'Koshihikari'. The test fertilizers were J-coat composite and New M-coat 777 (Table 1). The actual nitrogen application rate was 5.2 g/m2 for J-coat composite and 5.6 g/m2 for New M-coat 777 in 2020, and 5.7 g/m2 for J-coat composite and 6.4 g/m2 for New M-coat 777 in 2021 (Table 1). In both years, the plants were machine transplanted on April 7 at a planting density of 18.5 plants/m2.

(2) Survey Method

　Weed height, number of stems, and leaf color (SPAD value) were measured from May 25 in 2020 and May 13 in 2021, approximately every 7 days until the maximum stage of flowering in both years. In 2020, 10 plants were planted in each plot for two replications, and in 2021, 20 plants were planted in each plot for two replications. In both years, we also investigated culm length, ear length, number of ears, and leaf color (SPAD values) at maturity, as well as milled brown rice weight, brown rice thousand grain weight, grain ratio (grain discriminator RGQI10A), and brown rice protein content (near infrared analyzer NIRFlex N-500) with 20 plants per plot and 3 replications.

Results and Discussion

(1) Year 2020

　The grass height, number of stems, and leaf color (SPAD values) of both plots remained similar from post-transplant until June 8 (Fig. 2).
　At maturity, although culm length was shorter in the J-coat composite compared to the new M-coat 777, there were no significant differences in ear length, number of ears, leaf color (SPAD value), polished brown rice weight, brown rice thousand grain weight, grain-to-grain ratio, and brown rice protein content due to fertilizer type (Table 2).

2) Year 2021

　Compared to the new M-Coat 777, the J-Coat composite showed shorter grass height from transplanting to June 2, and fewer stems until May 26 (Fig. 2). Leaf color (SPAD value) was slightly lower from transplanting to June 2 (Fig. 2). At maturity, leaf color (SPAD value) was higher in the J-coat composite compared to the new M-coat 777, but there were no significant differences in culm length, ear length, number of ears, milled brown rice weight, brown rice thousand grain weight, grain-to-grain ratio, and brown rice protein content due to fertilizer type (Table 2).

　These results indicate that in the early cultivation of 'Koshihikari', there were no differences in yield and quality between J-coat composite and new M-coat 777, although there were differences in plant height, number of stems, and leaf color (SPAD value) up to the maximum tillering stage and in culm length and leaf color (SPAD value) at maturity between the two cultivars. However, there were no differences in yield and quality. It is necessary to study the effect of J-Coat on fertilizer application in normal-season cultivation, which has different climatic conditions from early-season cultivation.

No Soil - Part 17
　　How plants absorb water and nutrients
　　-Absorbs necessary substances and eliminates unnecessary ones.

Hokkaido Branch Office, JCM Agri Co.
　Teruo Matsunaka Technical Advisor

　Plants absorb water and nutrients through their roots. However, the mechanism is not as simple as taking in substances dissolved in soil water (soil solution) into the roots at the same time as the solution.

1. plant cells surrounded by cell membrane and cell wall

　Plant cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, which in turn is surrounded by a cell wall (Figure 1).

　The cell wall is a colander-like mesh structure, through which water (in this case, pure H2O as a solvent for dissolving substances in the soil solution) as well as nutrient ions and many other substances dissolved in the soil solution can freely pass. ), as well as nutrient ions and many other substances dissolved in the soil solution. Substances that have passed through the cell wall ride the flow of water in the plant body created by leaf transpiration and reach the endodermis surrounding the central column of the root (Fig. 1, (4), where cells are connected one by one to form a ring). This is the migration path shown in Fig. 1 (i). Up to this point, the water and nutrient ions have not yet entered the inner cell membrane.

2. the last barrier to entry into the cell membrane - the caspary line

　The cell wall of the endothelium is surrounded by a ribbon-like band of tissue called the cuspary line (Figure 1). Water and nutrient ions that have passed through the cell wall along the path shown in Fig. 1 (1) arrive at the cuspary line, where they are blocked and cannot move to the central column. This is because the cuspary line is made up of lignin, the main component of wood, and suberin, a type of lipid, and does not allow substances to pass through freely.

　Apart from the pathway (1), there is another pathway where water and nutrient ions suddenly pass through the root hair cell membrane and move inside the cell (pathway (2) in Figure 1). In this case, the cell membrane that is first attempted to pass through determines whether it is allowed to enter the inside of the membrane. Only substances that are allowed to enter the membrane pass through the cell membrane. The next cell passes through the protoplasmic contact, which is a groove between cells. In this pathway, the endothelial cells can also pass through the endothelium and travel to the side of the central column ducts, since they have first entered the plasma membrane.

　The problem is how it is allowed to enter the plasma membrane when it attempts to pass through the endothelial cell caspary line in pathway (1) and when it first passes through the plasma membrane in pathway (2), respectively.

3. cell membrane function and water absorption
　-Osmotic pressure and transport proteins (aquaporins)

　The cell membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups with hydrophobic groups next to each other (Figure 2). As shown in the figure, there are membrane-spanning proteins, which together constitute the cell membrane. These membrane-spanning proteins are called transport proteins, and play a major role in the transport of substances across the plasma membrane.

　Since the plasma membrane holds a variety of intracellular substances, the concentration of substances is generally high inside the plasma membrane and low outside the membrane. If the cell membrane is a totally permeable membrane, such as the cell wall, which allows all substances to pass through, nutrient ions would normally be released from the inside of the cell, where the concentration is high, to the outside of the membrane, where the concentration is low, by diffusion through a concentration gradient. This makes the nutrient ions unavailable as nutrients. For this reason, the cell membrane is a semipermeable membrane that allows the solvent water to pass through, but not the solute nutrient ions or other substances. At this time, water enters and is absorbed by the highly concentrated inner side of the cell membrane to eliminate the difference in concentration between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. The pressure generated by this difference in concentration between the inside and outside of the semipermeable membrane is osmotic pressure.

　However, osmotic pressure alone moves water too slowly to fully meet the water requirements of plants. The water transport proteins that compensate for this are aquaporins (also called water channels), which transport water at a very high rate. In many plant cells, aquaporins increase the rate of water transport by more than 10-fold (Hirasawa, 2016). It is mainly through the action of aquaporins that plants absorb water from soil solution.

4. How nutrients cross the cell membrane - active transport by transport proteins

　Transport proteins are also responsible for the entry of nutrient ions dissolved in the soil solution into the plasma membrane. Nutrient ions, which are solutes in the soil solution, cannot pass through the cell membrane, which is a semipermeable membrane. Moreover, since there is a concentration gradient between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane, nutrient ions must enter the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient in order to be absorbed. This is made possible by the function of transport proteins that penetrate the plasma membrane.

　These transport proteins do not freely transport any substance, but have their own specific transport partners. As already mentioned, water is transported by aquaporin, a water-specific transport protein. Ammonium ions, the nutrient ions of nitrogen, have a transport protein (ammonium ion transporter) that is responsible for their passage through the membrane. Plants are able to selectively take up only the nutrient ions they need from a soil solution containing various substances (selective absorption) because each transport protein has the property of transporting its own counterpart. At this time, there are also transport proteins that generate energy to transport nutrient ions from the outside to the inside of the membrane against the concentration gradient (active transport).

　Thus, plants skillfully selectively absorb only water and nutrient ions from substances dissolved in the soil solution around their roots, eliminating unwanted substances.

5. the final step in nutrient absorption is transfer to the ducts

　Absorbed water and nutrient ions do not remain in the root cells. The absorbed water and nutrient ions are transferred to the various parts of the plant body, such as the stem and leaves. This is done through ducts. Since ducts are pipes for transport, they are the outer tissues of the plasma membrane and consist mainly of cell walls.

　Therefore, water and nutrient ions that enter the endothelial cell must again move out of the plasma membrane and into the ducts (Fig. 1, movement ⑤). The transport protein that performs this role is often not the same transport protein that was used to enter the plasma membrane, but another transport protein.

　Thus, water and nutrient ions that reach the ducts move to the plant organs where they are needed, where they are used as nutrients and converted into substances that nourish the plant.

General Index of Previous Editions of this Journal in 2022

<January issue
§ Responsibility of fertilizer manufacturers to contribute to agriculture
　　　　　　　　　Toshiyuki Katsuro, Managing Executive Officer Jcam Agri Co.
§ Sakai Farm built by our predecessors (No.3)
~120 years of history - a look back through transcripts
　　　　　　　　　　　　Changes in varieties, fertilizers, etc.
　　　　　　　　　JA Fukui Sakai Farm Former Farm Manager Akira Nagatagawa
No § Soil - No. 8
　Conditions for Good Soil Chemical Properties - Part 3
　　　Crop nutrients in moderation
　　　　　　　　　Teruo Matsunaka, Technical Advisor, Hokkaido Branch, JCAM Agri Co.
<February/March combined issue
§Experience high-yield technology using a combination of side-row fertilizer application and seedling box placement.
　　　　　　　　　Masao Ueno, Technical Advisor, Tohoku Branch, Jcam Agri Co.
No § Soil - No. 9
　Conditions for Good Soil Chemical Properties - Part 4
　　　How the soil retains nutrients
　　　　　　　　　Teruo Matsunaka, Technical Advisor, Hokkaido Branch, JCAM Agri Co.
<April issue
§Smart Agriculture Linked Soil Preparation and Next Generation Base Fertilizer One Shot
　Development of high-yield technology for staple rice through variable fertilization system
　　　　　　　Chairman of the Board, Farm Frontier Inc.
　　　　　　　Visiting Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University
No § Soil - No. 10
　Summary of Good Soil Conditions
　　-Any soil will do.
　　　　　　　　　Hokkaido Branch Office, JCM Agri Co.
Teruo Matsunaka Technical Advisor
<May issue
§Improvement of fertilizer efficiency and conservation in tea gardens
　　　　　Establishment of strip fertilization technology for
　　　　　　　　　Shizuoka Prefectural Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Technology
　　　　　　　　　Tea Research Center, Department of Tea Environment Adaptation Technology
Researcher Takanori Ono
§Fertilizer with regulated fertilizer in two-row barley.
　　　　　Total basal fertilizer seeding trench application method using
　　　　　　　　　Oita Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research and Guidance Center
　　　　　　　　　Rika Kiyota, Paddy Field Agriculture Group, Agricultural Research Dept.
No § Soil - No.11
　Compost emerged as a nutrient transfer material.
　　-Considering how to replenish nutrients...
　　　　　　　　　Teruo Matsunaka, Technical Advisor, Hokkaido Branch, JCAM Agri Co.
<June issue
§ Nutrient water absorption and its transfer between day and night in tomatoes
　　　　　　　　　Former Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Shoji Masuda
No § Soil - No.12
　Manure Effectiveness and Soil Conditions
　　-The blackness of the soil is the deciding factor.
　　　　　　　　　Teruo Matsunaka, Technical Advisor, Hokkaido Branch, JCAM Agri Co.
<July issue
§Using fertilizer with regulated fertilizer
　　　　　Labor-saving cultivation techniques for cyclamen
　　　　　　　　　Nagano Prefectural Vegetable and Flower Experiment Station, Flower Department Rintaro Morino
No § Soil - No.13
　Types of Organic Substance Materials and Their Effects
　　-C/N ratio is the key.
　　　　　　　　　Teruo Matsunaka, Technical Advisor, Hokkaido Branch, JCAM Agri Co.

.
§ Coated phosphorus nitrate and phosphorus nitrate in open-air summer/autumn green onion
　　　In-chain pot fertilization technology for phosphate fertilizers
　　　　　　　　　Hokkaido National Research Organization
　　　　　　　　　Donan Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Research Division
　　　　　　　　　Yuji Ohashi, Production Technology Group, Research Department
§ In the Kamimashiki area
　　　　　Changes in Agricultural Cooperative Farming Activities and My Encounters
　　　　　　　　　Agricultural cooperative, Kashima Regional Farm Kenichi Kudo
No § Soil - No. 14
　Era of change in nutrient source from compost to chemical fertilizer
　　-The Historical Background
　　　　　　　　　Teruo Matsunaka, Technical Advisor, Hokkaido Branch, JCAM Agri Co.
<Oct.
§ Derived from coated fertilizers
　　Ecological risks and emissions of microplastics
　　　　　　　　　Takashi Nagai, Senior Researcher, Agro-Environment Research Division, National Institute of Agro-Environment Science
§High in "Ra-mugi" wheat for Chinese noodles
　　Labor-saving fertilization method that can ensure the protein content of the seedlings
　　　　　　　　　Iizuka Extension Center, Iizuka Agriculture and Forestry Office, Fukuoka Prefecture Tomomichi Ishimaru
No § Soil - No. 15
　Wheat growth in a field where only chemical fertilizers are used
　　-Compared to a compost-only field...
　　　　　　　　　Teruo Matsunaka, Technical Advisor, Hokkaido Branch, JCAM Agri Co.
<Nov.
§ Environmentally friendly spinach cultivation methods (Part 1)
　　　　　　　　　Former Toyama Prefectural Agricultural Technology Center Mieko Matsumoto
§ Otane carrot cultivation.
　　　　　Technology development for labor saving and production stabilization
　　　　　　　　　Kenji Kubo, Senior Researcher, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural Research Organization
No § Soil - Part 16
　Comparing the Effects of Compost and Chemical Fertilizers
　　-What are the similarities and differences?
　　　　　　　　　Teruo Matsunaka, Technical Advisor, Hokkaido Branch, JCAM Agri Co.
<Dec.
§ Environmentally friendly spinach cultivation methods (Part 2)
　　　　　　　　　Former Toyama Prefectural Agricultural Technology Center Mieko Matsumoto
§Early Cultivation of Rice 'Koshihikari' in
　　　　　Fertilization effects of improved slow-release fertilizers with film disintegrating properties
　　　　　　　　　Kochi Agricultural Technology Center
　　　　　　　　　Crops and Horticulture Division Paddy Crops Research Scientist Toshiya Takeda
No § Soil - Part 17
　How plants absorb water and nutrients
-Absorb necessary substances and eliminate unnecessary ones.
　　　　　　　　　Teruo Matsunaka, Technical Advisor, Hokkaido Branch, JCAM Agri Co.
§2022 General Table of Previous Editions of this Journal